How to Apply for OPT for F-1 Students

Work authorization that bridges academic study to U.S. employment.

If you're an F-1 student nearing graduation, understanding your work authorization options can determine whether you stay in the United States or return home. Optional Practical Training offers a critical bridge between academic study and professional employment.

OPT is a temporary employment benefit that allows F-1 students to work in positions directly related to their field of study for up to 12 months, with an additional 24-month extension available for STEM degree holders. According to the Institute of International Education, international students contributed $40.1 billion to the U.S. economy in 2023, with OPT playing a significant role in retaining skilled graduates. The program has become increasingly competitive, with USCIS processing over 500,000 OPT applications annually.

This guide explains the requirements, application process, types of OPT available, and how to maintain compliance throughout your authorized period. You'll learn the differences between pre-completion and post-completion OPT, how to qualify for the STEM extension, and what steps to take when your authorization ends.

What Is OPT?

Understanding the purpose and structure of Optional Practical Training helps you plan your timeline strategically and avoid mistakes that could affect your immigration status.

OPT stands for Optional Practical Training. It's a temporary employment benefit available to students on F-1 visas that allows you to gain practical work experience in the United States in a job directly related to your major area of study.

The program bridges the gap between your academic program and your career. Rather than requiring you to leave immediately after completing your degree program, OPT gives you time to apply what you've learned professionally. This work experience can help you build skills and potentially transition to longer-term visa status like the H-1B visa.

OPT employment must relate to your course of study. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services and the Student and Exchange Visitor Program (SEVP) monitor compliance with this requirement.

OPT vs. CPT: Key Differences

Both OPT and Curricular Practical Training allow students to gain work experience, but they serve different purposes.

The most important distinction: if you use 12 months or more of full-time Curricular Practical Training, you become ineligible for OPT at that educational level. Part-time CPT does not affect your future OPT.

Who Manages OPT

Multiple government agencies and school officials coordinate the OPT process. Understanding each role helps you navigate the application and maintain compliance.

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)

USCIS manages OPT by processing F-1 students' Form I-765 applications and issuing Employment Authorization Documents (EADs). They enforce OPT rules like work being related to your field of study, limits on unemployment, and STEM OPT employer requirements. Schools recommend OPT in SEVIS, but USCIS approves, tracks compliance, and can deny or revoke authorization if rules are violated.

Designated School Official (DSO)

Your school's Designated School Official serves as the primary point of contact for your OPT application. The DSO reviews your academic record and enrollment history to confirm you meet basic requirements, recommends OPT in the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS), and issues your OPT I-20. Throughout your period of OPT, your DSO updates your SEVIS record based on the employment information you report and validates STEM extension training plans.

Student and Exchange Visitor Program (SEVP)

SEVP, operated by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), maintains the SEVIS database that tracks all F-1 students. When you're on OPT, SEVP monitors your compliance through the employment information and address updates you report via the SEVP Portal. Schools and USCIS both access SEVIS to coordinate your authorization, track your unemployment days, and ensure you maintain valid status.

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

DHS oversees the entire OPT program and sets compliance requirements. They establish which degrees qualify for STEM extensions through the STEM Designated Degree List, determine unemployment limits, and create the reporting requirements students must follow. DHS also sets employer obligations for STEM OPT, including E-Verify enrollment and Form I-983 training plan requirements.

Types of OPT

OPT comes in different forms depending on when you use it and what credentials you hold. Knowing these distinctions helps you maximize your available work authorization.

Pre-Completion OPT

Pre-completion OPT allows you to work while enrolled and maintaining full-time enrollment in your academic program. During the school year, you can work part-time (up to 20 hours per week). During breaks, you can work full-time.

Any time you use on pre-completion OPT reduces your post-completion OPT. Since students receive 12 months of OPT per educational level, using six months before graduation leaves only six months after. Most students save their full period for post-completion OPT when they can work full-time without balancing coursework.

Post-Completion OPT

Post-completion OPT is the most common type. It provides 12 months of work authorization after you complete your degree. You can work full-time, which means at least 20 hours per week.

You must apply before your program end date (up to 90 days early), and your OPT start date must fall within 60 days after your completion date. Post-completion OPT can lead to the O-1 visa for extraordinary ability or the E-3 visa for Australian citizens.

STEM OPT Extension

If you hold a degree in a STEM field listed on the DHS STEM Designated Degree List, you may qualify for a 24-month extension beyond your initial 12 months of OPT, bringing your total to 36 months.

The extension requires your employer to be enrolled in E-Verify and complete Form I-983, a formal training plan. You can use this benefit once per educational level.

Eligibility Requirements

Before you begin the process, confirm that you meet all requirements.

Student Status Requirements

You must hold a valid status and have maintained full-time enrollment for at least one academic year. You must be in good academic standing. If you've already used 12 months or more of full-time CPT at the same educational level, you're ineligible.

Degree and Field Requirements

You must have completed or be completing your degree. The OPT employment you pursue must directly relate to your field of study. For the STEM benefit, your credentials must appear on the DHS STEM Designated Degree List. Each educational level qualifies for its own 12 months of OPT.

Timing Requirements

You can apply no earlier than 90 days before your program end date and no later than 60 days after. Your start date must fall within 60 days of your completion date. You cannot begin OPT employment until you receive your EAD card.

The OPT Application Process

The process involves multiple steps with strict timing requirements. Processing time typically takes three to five months.

Step 1: Meet with Your School Official

Your school's Designated School Official reviews your qualifications and recommends OPT in the SEVIS system, generating an updated OPT I-20. Once you receive your OPT I-20, you have 30 days to file.

Step 2: Prepare Your Application

Your package should include completed Form I-765 (Application for Employment Authorization), two passport-style photos, copies of all I-20s, copy of your visa stamp, copy of your I-94, any previous EAD cards if applicable, and the filing fee ($410 as of 2025).

Double-check every document against Form I-765 instructions to ensure completeness.

Step 3: File Your Application

Mail your complete package to the lockbox address. Use certified mail with tracking for proof of delivery.

Step 4: Wait for Processing

Standard processing time ranges from three to five months, though some cases may take up to nine months during peak periods. Premium processing is not available. Track your case status on the USCIS website using your receipt number. Respond to any Request for Evidence within the deadline (typically 87 business days).

Step 5: Receive Your EAD Card

When approved, your EAD card arrives by mail at your address. The card contains your photo, validity dates, and authorization category. Verify all employment information is correct and keep your EAD card with you as proof of work authorization.

OPT Employment Rules

Knowing what counts as qualifying OPT employment helps you stay compliant and avoid violations.

What Qualifies as Employment

OPT employment must be at least 20 hours per week and directly relate to your major field of study. You can work for multiple employers simultaneously, as a W-2 employee, independent contractor, or freelancer. You can start your own business if the work qualifies. Unpaid positions count as OPT employment if you work at least 20 hours per week.

Unemployment Limitations

You're limited to 90 days of unemployment during your 12-month period of OPT. With a STEM benefit, you receive an additional 60 days (150 days total). Unemployment accumulates from your OPT start date. Exceeding the limit terminates your status automatically.

Reporting Requirements

You must report all employment information to SEVP within 10 days using the SEVP Portal. Report employer name, employer address, and dates. You must also report employment information changes and address changes within 10 business days to keep your SEVIS record current. Failure to maintain accurate information can terminate your status.

After OPT: What Comes Next

Planning for what happens after your authorization ends helps you avoid gaps in status.

60-Day Grace Period

When your period of OPT ends, you receive an automatic 60-day grace period. You remain in valid status but cannot work. Use this time to depart the United States, change to another visa status, or begin a new academic program. The grace period ends immediately if you travel outside the U.S.

Changing to Another Status

The most common transition is to H-1B status through employer sponsorship. If your employer files an H-1B petition while you're on OPT, the cap-gap extension protects your status until the decision.

Other options include the TN visa for Canadian and Mexican professionals, the L-1 visa for intracompany transfers, or the J-1 visa for exchange visitors. Some holders pursue employment-based green cards through EB-2 NIW, EB-3, or EB-1 categories.

Returning for Another Degree

You can qualify for new OPT by completing another degree at a higher educational level. Each level provides its own 12 months of OPT (plus extension if applicable).

Choosing the Right Support Partner

The process requires coordination between your school, USCIS, and SEVP. Strict deadlines, detailed documentation requirements, and continuous OPT reporting obligations create multiple opportunities for errors.

Lighthouse helps students manage this through diagnostic review to confirm qualification and timing, expert guidance on Form I-765 preparation and supporting documentation, case management support for reporting requirements and extensions, and coordination of employment verification and SEVP Portal updates.

Our platform combines experienced case managers with technology built for immigration workflows, ensuring hands-on support, expert review to reduce Request for Evidence risk, and precise tracking of unemployment days and deadlines. Start your OPT application assessment today.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does OPT mean?

OPT stands for Optional Practical Training. It's a temporary employment benefit that allows students on F-1 visas to work in the United States in jobs directly related to their field of study for up to 12 months, with an additional 24-month extension available for those holding degrees in STEM fields.

What does being on OPT mean?

Being on OPT means you have work authorization to gain practical experience in your field of study. You can work full-time (at least 20 hours per week), change employers, and work in multiple positions simultaneously, as long as work relates to your credentials and you maintain OPT reporting requirements.

How long can I stay in the U.S. after my OPT ends?

You receive an automatic 60-day grace period after your authorization ends. You must prepare to depart the United States, change to another visa status, or apply for a different benefit. You cannot work during the grace period.

Can I apply for OPT before graduation?

Yes. You can apply up to 90 days before your program end date, but no later than 60 days after completion. Meet with your school official first to receive an OPT recommendation on your OPT I-20, then file Form I-765 within 30 days.

Do I need a job offer to apply for OPT?

No. You don't need a job offer to apply. Once your EAD card is issued, you're limited to 90 days of unemployment (150 days with extension). Exceeding this limit terminates your status.

Can I work for any employer on OPT?

You can work for any employer, including multiple employers simultaneously, as long as OPT employment directly relates to your major area of study and you work at least 20 hours per week. You can work as an independent contractor or start your own business.

What happens if my application is denied?

If denied, you lose qualification and must stop work immediately. You have until the end of your 60-day grace period to depart or change status. Common denial reasons include late filing, incomplete applications, or loss of valid status.

Can I travel while my application is pending?

Travel while pending is strongly discouraged and may result in your case being considered abandoned. If you must travel, you need a valid visa, valid OPT I-20 with a travel signature, and should consult your school first. Reentry is not guaranteed during the pending period.

How do I qualify for the 24-month extension?

You must have completed credentials in a STEM field on the DHS STEM Designated Degree List, have at least one day remaining on your initial 12-month authorization, and have an employer willing to participate in E-Verify and complete Form I-983. File Form I-765 before your current authorization expires.